GSEB Class 12 (HSC) • 2024 • 4 Marks

Integrals: Definite Integral - Logarithmic Trigonometric Integral

Curated examination question with verified M1/A1 mark scheme and step-by-step mathematical reasoning.

Problem Statement

Evaluate the definite integral: $$I = \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \log(1 + \tan x) \, dx$$

Verified Solution & Marking Scheme

Apply Property ∫₀ᵃ f(x) dx = ∫₀ᵃ f(a - x) dx
Let equation (1) be: $$I = \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \log(1 + \tan x) \, dx \quad \text{--- (1)}$$ Using $\int_{0}^{a} f(x) \, dx = \int_{0}^{a} f(a - x) \, dx$ with $a = \frac{\pi}{4}$: $$I = \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \log\left[1 + \tan\left(\frac{\pi}{4} - x\right)\right] \, dx$$
Expand tan(π/4 - x) using Trigonometric Identity
Since $\tan(A - B) = \frac{\tan A - \tan B}{1 + \tan A \tan B}$: $$\tan\left(\frac{\pi}{4} - x\right) = \frac{1 - \tan x}{1 + \tan x}$$ $$1 + \tan\left(\frac{\pi}{4} - x\right) = 1 + \frac{1 - \tan x}{1 + \tan x} = \frac{1 + \tan x + 1 - \tan x}{1 + \tan x} = \frac{2}{1 + \tan x}$$ Therefore: $$I = \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \log\left(\frac{2}{1 + \tan x}\right) \, dx = \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}} [\log 2 - \log(1 + \tan x)] \, dx \quad \text{--- (2)}$$
Add Equations (1) and (2) to Solve for I
$$I + I = \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \log(1 + \tan x) \, dx + \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \log 2 \, dx - \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \log(1 + \tan x) \, dx$$ $$2I = \log 2 \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}} dx = \log 2 [x]_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}} = \frac{\pi}{4} \log 2$$ $$I = \frac{\pi}{8} \log 2$$
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