CH 12 INDIAN MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

• Meaning and a brief note 

• The matter formed due to inorganic process and which contains a specific chemical composition is called a mineral.
• Minerals and Energy Resources can be also defined as the solid, liquid or gaseous matter that is formed due to specific abiotic processes within the rocks in the interior of the earth, and has a certain chemical composition, homogeneous constitution and specific atomic structure.
• Thus, minerals are formed due to abiotic processes which took place in the interior of the earth since the infinite time.
• Minerals exist in all the three physical forms i.e. solid, liquid and gaseous.

• Iron:

• Iron is the base mineral or say base metal for industrial development of modern world. It is one the highest used mineral in the world.
• It is used in making things as small as pins to gigantic machines, cars, trucks, ships, railway bridges, buildings and weapons.
• Iron is cheap, strong as well as durable and is available in almost all the countries.
• One of the fine properties of iron is that it can mix with other minerals easily and give new useful minerals. For example, it easily gets mixed with carbon to produce steel.
• Owing to its abundant availability .extremely wide use and ease of getting mixed with other minerals it is considered as an important mineral.
• Iron is found in impure form from the earth. So it is mixed with coke and lime and heated in large furnaces for refining. The pure iron thus obtained is known as pig iron.
• Four types of iron ore found in India.

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• They are:

   (1) Hematite

(2) Magnetite

(3) Limonite and

(4) Siderite.

• Iron producing states:

• Karnataka produces maximum amount of iron ore in India
• Iron is also obtained from Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh in good quantity.
• Iron ore is also found in Goa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh and Assam.

• Manganese:
• Manganese is an important mineral for iron and steel industry.

• Uses:

• it is mainly used to make steel from iron.
• Manganese is also used in chemical industry for making bleaching powder, insecticides, cells of dry battery and tiles.
• It is also useful in leather industry, glass industry, matchbox industry, photography, china-clay utensils and coloured bricks.
• Manganese is mixed with iron rails to make them more flexible and strong.
• Manganese-steel is very strong steel which is used in machines to break rocks and also in grinding machines.
• Producing states:

• Odisha, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Goa are major manganese producing states.
• Manganese is also obtained from Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Rajasthan and Gujarat.

• Copper :

• Copper is used since primitive times. In fact it was the first metal to be used by man.
• Copper has quite good mixing property which makes it a very important metal.
• When copper is mixed with tin it becomes bell metal. Similarly when copper is mixed with zinc it becomes brass.
• Uses :

• Copper is good conductor of electricity. So, it is used in making electric wires, telephone, radio, television, etc.
• It is also used in making coils of refrigerator and air conditioner.
• Copper is also used in insecticides, explosive, coloured glass, coins and in printing.
• Producing states :

• Copper is produced mainly by Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.
• Copper is also found in skim and Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.

• Bauxite :

• The ore form which aluminium is obtained is called bauxite is extracted form earth and is purified to obtain aluminium.
• Bauxite was first found at Les Baux in 1921 in France and so it got the name Bauxite.
• Properties and uses :

• Bauxite is very light in weight yet very strong and durable.
• It is a good conductor of electricity, is rust-free and is easily ductile.
• These properties make it a very useful metal.
• It is widely used in the manufacturing household utensils, electrical wires and gadgets, colours and in ship building.
• Producing regions:

• Bauxite is obtained form Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Jharkhand and Gujarat.
• Bauxite is found in the Deccan traps which is a geological structure in the Deccan Plateau.
• It is found in abundance in Ranchi, Jharkhand.
• In Gujarat, it is found in Jamnagar Bhavnagar, Junagadh, Amreli, Surat and sabarkantha districts.

• Mica :

• India ranks first in the world mica production.
• Mica is fire resistant and a bad conductor of electricity. So, it is used in making electrical goods such as electric motors, dynamo, radio, telephone, cars, streamers, etc.
• Producing regions :

• Bihar, Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan are major producers of mica in India.
• Mica is also found in Karnataka, West Bengal and Tamil Nadu.
• India is a large producer of a type of mica called muscovite mica.

• Lead:

• Lead is obtained from its ore called galena.
• Lead is soft but heavy in weight.
• It is used to make alloys, electric wires, colour, weapons, glass, rubber and storage battery.
• India is a large producers lead in quite a large quantity. Even then, India is unable to meet our demands. Hence, India imports lead.
• Producing regions :

• Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu are Major Producers of lead.
• Lead is also found in West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Maharashtra, Meghalaya and Sikkim.

• Lime stone :
• Lime stone is a sedimentary rock which mainly consists of calcium carbonate.

• Uses :

• Lime stone is largely used in producing cement.
• It is also used for melting iron, in chemical industry, in making soda ash, soap, colours and 

   Chemicals, building construction, paper and for refining sugar.

• `Producing regions :

• Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu produce about 70 % of building construction, paper and for refining sugar.
• Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Himachal Pradesh are other states producing lime stone.
• Jamnagar, Kachchh, Amreli and Kheda districts are major lime stone producing regions of Gujarart.
• Lime stone is also produced in Banaskantha, Mahesana, Sabarkhantha, Vadodara, Panchmahal, Bharuch, Narmada, Surat, Bhavnagar and Rajkot.
• The rocks found in Jamnagar district contain about 97 % lime.

Minerals and Energy Resources

• Classification of energy resources :
•   Energy resources can be classified as conventional and non-conventional energy resources.

• Conventional energy :

• Coal, mineral oil, natural gas and atomic minerals are considered as conventional or non-renewable or even commercial energy resources.
• Electricity is generated through these resources.
• Peat coal, firewood, dung, etc. are also non-commercial energy resources.

• Non- Conventional energy :
• Hydro-energy, wind energy, solar energy, bio-gas, geothermal energy and tidal energy are non-conventional  or renewable or non-commercial energy resources

• Coal :
• Man has been using coal as an energy resources since ancient times.

• Formation :

• Before crores of years, earth was covered with thick vegetation.
• The tectonic movements of the earth buried the vegetation in the interior of the earth
• Over thousands of years due to the heat and pressure of the interior portion of the earth, the trees containing carbon contents and some animals underwent gradual combustion. This transformed the vegetation into coal.
• This period existed before 25 crore years and it was known as carboniferous period. Coal was formed during this period.
• Coal is found in ragions of stratified rocks
• On the basis of carbon content, coal can be divided in to four types. They are-

    (1) Anthracite coal

(2) Bituminous coal

(3) Lignite coal and,

(4) Peat coal.

• Uses :

• Use of coal increased tremendously after the invention of steam engine and after the industrial revolution. Means of transportation like railway and steamer increased and were now easy to use.
• With the invention of electricity, coal became an important mineral for producing thermal electricity.
• Coal-tar, ammonia gas, benzoyl and crude oil are byproducts of coal.
• Coal reserve in India :

• Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Jammu Kashmir are major coal producing regions of India.
• Coal is also produced in Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Assam and Gujarat.
• In Gujarat , Coal filed are located in Kachchh, Bharuch, Mahesana, Bhavnagar and surat. Lignite coal is found in these regions.

• Mineral oil :
• Formation :

• Mineral oil or petroleum is found in the strata of stratified rocks which contain lime stone, shale ,etc.
• Mineral oil was formed when large quantities of animals and vegetation got buried under the earth containing sedimentary rocks and remained there for thousand of years.
• The heat and pressure of the interior portion of the earth converted the buried matter into viscous liquid containing hydrocarbons i.e. mineral oil.
• When tectonic movement took place in the earth, it pushed this liquid to the higher strata of earth. some part of the liquid also got pushed towards the sea floor.
• Man learnt the technique to drill this oil from the earth and sea. Refine it and use it in various forms.
• The first oil well of India was dug in 1866 in Assam. Later, oil wells were dug at several India locations.

• The oil fields of India from where oil is extracted are divided into five zones, They are :

(1) Oil fields of North-East

(2) Oil fields of Gujarat

(3) Oil fields of Bombay High,

(4) Oil fields of  Eastern Coast and

(5) Oil fields of Rajasthan.

• Oil fields of Gujarat :

• In Gujarat, oil was first found at Lunej in Kheda district in 1958.
• After that, oil was found at Ankleshwar, Maheasana, Kalol, Navagam, Kosamba, Sanand, Ahmadabad, Gandhinagar, Vadodara, Bharuch and Bhavanagar.
• In India, The refineries to refine petroleum are located at Guwahati, Barauni, Koyali, Cochin, Chennai, Mathura, Kolkata and Haldia.
• Reliance refinery in Jamnagar is the largest oil refinery of the world.

• Uses :

• Petrol, diesel, Kerosene, naptha, natural gas, etc. are all obtained on refining petroleum or say mineral oil.
• These components are mainly used in running vehicles, as fuel oils and for producing electricity.

• Natural Gas :

• Natural gas is obtained from mineral oil.
• Natural gas is chapter form of energy. Moreover, it does not cause pollution.
• It is compressed as CNG i.e. Compressed Natural Gas and used as domestic fuel and to run vehicles like cars.
• Natural gas is found in Khambhat basin, Kaveri basin and jaisalmer
• Ankleshwar of Gujarat is considered to be the largest natural gas reserve

• Non- conventional energy sources
• Solar energy :

• The sun is the main source of energy on the earth

• It is visible during most of the days of the year.
• The biosphere on the earth exists due to solar energy.
• Man has learnt to tap solar energy and use it in various forms.
• India has also progressed well in solar energy technology.
• India makes use of solar cooker for cooking, solar heater for heating the water and solar panels to generate electricity.

• Solar energy in Gujarat

• Gujarat state gets maximum solar energy in India.
• GEDA has established solar cold storage near Chhani having capacity of 10 tonnes.
• A solar energy plant has been installed at Madhopur near Bhuj in Gujarat for desalination of saline ocean water.
• India including Gujarat makes use of solar panels to run street lights in villages that do not have electricity. The Solar panels are also used to irrigate the farms and for running television.

• Wind energy :

• The sun warms the different parts of earth differently.
• This creates low pressure at some places and high at others. Wind is formed due to this pressure difference.
• India makes use of wind to run the wind mills and produce energy. India has installed several wind mills at the sea coasts and in open spaces.
• Today, India has become fifth country in the world to produce energy through wind.
• Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and kerala produce wind energy.
• In Gujarat, wind energy is produced through wind farms at Lambha village near Jamnagar and at the sea coast near Mandvi in Kachchh.
• Electricity is generated at the windmills located at Devbhumi Dwarka, Jamnagar, Rajkot and porbandar.

• Biogas :

• The gas produced by decomposition of agriculture waste. Molasses other vegetation, dung and human excreta is called bio-gas.
• Biogas mainly contains methane. Methane is an inflammable gas which is primarily used for  cooking.
• After extracting biogas, the material that remains behind in the biogas pit is used as an excellent natural fertilizer.
• We can keep our village clean by producing biogas and also obtain natural fertilizer.
• In India, Uttar Pradesh stands first in biogas production. Gujarat ranks second.
• The largest biogas plant of Gujarat has been installed at Methan village near siddhpur in patan district. This pants runs with co-operation of villagers.
• Other bio-gas plants in operation are located at Rudratal of Daskroi taluka of Ahmadabad and at dantiwada in banaskantha districts.
• People have also started setting up plants that are operated individually or collectively.

• Geothermal energy :

• The heat energy generated and stored naturally in the interior of earth is calledthermal energy, This energy comes to the surface of the earth in the form of geysers or hot springs.
• The heat in the interior of the earth heats the water stored in the earth.
• Vapour rises from this hot water and exerts upward pressure on the ground water. The vapour then released out of the earth in the form of steam. This is called geothermal energy.
• In Gujarat, hot water springs are located at lasundra, Unai, tuva, and at Tulsishyam. There are possibilities of getting geothermal energy from them.

• Tidal energy :

• Gravitational force exerted by the sun and the moon causes tides and ebbs in the oceans.
• The force of tides and ebbs can be utilized to produce tidal energy. A Turbine is connected generate electricity from these tides.
• In 1910, France was the first country to get electricity with the help of tides and ebbs.
• India has a huge coastline and so India has a good potential to generate tidal energy.
• Gujarat has started a project in the gulf of Kachchh and the Gulf of Khambhat to producet tidal energy.

• Mineral preservation :

• Mineral are the base for the existence and development of human beings.
• Preservation of minerals means the efficient and well planned use of minerals.
• Today, every nation wants to increase its export as a part of economic development.
• For this it keeps on extracting more and more minerals from the earth to produce goods and then export them to earn foreign exchange.
• If this is not stopped or planned well,our minerals resources will soon end.

• Remedies for preserving minerals :

(1) Use of proper technology:

Wastage of minerals can be reduced by making use of proper and advanced technology for extracting minerals.

(2) Recycling:

The Scrap of minerals like iron, copper, aluminium, and tin should be recycled and reused.

(3) Alternate use of minerals:

Alternatives should be found out for minerals which exist in less quantity. For example, making use of solar energy instead of electricity aluminium instead of copper CNG instead of petrol, etc.

(4) Use of non-conventional means:

The use of non-conventional sources like water, solar, wind, biogas etc. should be increased.

(5)Sustainability:

Attempts should be made to maintain the purity of the environment so that the coming generations can have a clean environment.

Attempts should be made for a pollution-free environment.

(6) Once the mineral reserves are properly estimated, planning should be done to utilize them effectively and efficiently. This step is very important to preserve and enhance the minerals